Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
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Q. Where and when did Hinduism begin?
A. Hinduism basically started with Sruti “that which is heard”. The master of vedic age called
Rishis, heard eternal truths in their heart and they taught their disciples telepathically, by
transfer of thoughts. Later Vedas and Upanishads were taught in chanted lyrics and they laid
the foundation of Hindnuism.
The exact date of when Hinduism actually stared begin with the age of this universe which is
155.5 trillion years ago.
Mythological Stories -
Hindu mythological stories says that it is trillions of years old. Some say Hinduism started
soon after ice age ended and some even say its origin is 6000-7000 years before Christ [6000-
7000 B.C.].
Theologians View –
Brahmaputra in India started a “Thinking Process” later known as Hinduism. Other Hindu
Theologians say that the early settlers of North India exchanged knowledge with dark colored
people of South India called Dravidians and thus laid the foundation of Hinduism in India.
Archeological Evidence –
Evidence found at Indus valley civilization at Mohanjodaro and Harappa dates Hinduism to
have started 6000-7000 years before Christ.
Major events in the development of the history of Hinduism are –
The original name of Hinduism was Santana Dharma meaning “righteousness forever “of”
that which has no beginning or end”. The name Hindu was given by Persians when they
invaded India in 6th B.C.
For long periods of time there was no written Hindu scripture. It was just in the forms of
Sruti [that which is heard] and was narrated by rishis to their disciples with careful sound of
words. Later with coming of various civilizations in India, Hinduism became a blend of
various ideas and thoughts and thus came to be known as “The thinking process”.
In the development process of Hinduism the Hindu scriptures play a very vital role. The
scriptures are written in Sanskrit and are –
Vedas
Rig Veda [Vedas of Hymns] consists of 1028 hymns to gods like Indra & Agni.
Yajur Veda[Vedas of Liturgy] concerns the knowledge of how to perform all rites and rituals.
Sama Veda [Vedas of Music] concerns the knowledge of chants.
Atharva Veda – This Veda contains the knowledge given by Sage Atharvana. It contains
many magical charms and incantations.
Upanishads
The word Upanishad is composed of Upa [Near], Ni [Down] and Shad[To sit]. Upanishad is
a teaching given by Guru [teacher] to his disciples and it is a rule that no one except the
disciple could hear his guru’s teachings.
Dharma Sutras
These are the backbones of Hinduism ethics and morality. They are basically the first
lawgiver code books to Hinduism written by sages like Manus, Yatnavalka, Parasara and
Gauthama. The earliest Dharma sutra is called “Code of Manu” and is popularly known as
Manusmriti.
Panchatantra
It is a collection of stories told by Vishnusharman to princes to teach them worldly affairs.
Each story has a moral and is like a fable book in which human characters are replaced by
animal characters. It teaches what exactly should be the course of action of a wise man.
Arthashastra
It is the code of ethics for kings written by Kautilya of Maurya Dynasty. It consists of
methods of spy system, how to deal with the enemy and various political and social subjects.
Brahma sutra
These describes the nature of Brahman in depth and is written by Sage Badarayana [Veda
Vyasa].
Agamas
These are a group of literature which deals with worship of god in many forms and they have
their own set of rules and regulations for their devotee. These Agamas gave rise to 3
branches of Hinduism –
Vaishnavism
Saivism
Saktism
Famous Indian Epics
The 2 famous epics are Ramayana and Mahabharata written by Sage Valmiki and Sage Veda
Vyasa respectively. The Bhagwad Gita is the form of conversation between warrior Prince
Arjuna and Lord Krishna at the outset of Mahabharata war.
Puranas
These are called Vedas of common folk and are written in question & answer form. They
consist of religious stories which make common people understand the higher truths of life.
The major puranas are called Mahapurana.
Thus all the above Hindu scriptures played a key role in the development of Hinduism and
paved a way for a religion which is appreciated by the entire world.
Q. What are the main ideas this religion professes?
A. Hinduism is more a way of life than a specific religion. In Hinduism one can find all
religions of the world. Various religions like Buddhism, Sikhism emerged from it. The most
important aspect of Hinduism is being truthful to oneself. Hinduism has no monopoly on
ideas. It is open to all. Hindus believe in one God expressed in different forms. For them, God
is timeless and formless entity. Hindus believe in eternal truths and these truths are opened to
anyone who seeks them, even if he or she is ignorant of Hindu scripture or ideas. This
religion also professes Non-violence - "Ahimsa Paramo Dharma" - Non violence is the highest
duty. True Ahimsa implies curtsey, kindness, hospitality, humanity and love.
Q. How do Hindus worship?
A. The place where Hindus worship is called a Temple. Most of the ancient Indian Temples
were constructed by Hindu Kings. The Temples were constructed on auspicious sites and the
whole process was very elaborate. Two rituals associated with temple construction were a.
Pratishta [installation of icons] and b. Kumbha – Abhishekam [temple dedication].
The idols of Gods are either made of special stone or wood and the artisan who makes them
are called Shilpikar. The process by which worship of Gods & Goddess is done is called
Pooja. It is the most common form of ritual. In the process of Pooja, Upacaras [offerings of
many articles like food, perfumed water, tulsi leaves, sandal wood paste etc with honor to
deity] play a vital role. The person who performs the Pooja is called Poojari.
Generally, all Indian houses have a small corner reserved for God and is called Mandir or
Pooja Ghar where the Indian Family worships together. An individual family can have their
own Poojari doing the Pooja or the head of the family does the Pooja. This tradition is
considered a good practice in Indian houses. It is a time when all the family members come
together and pray together.
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Q. What are the important rituals, ceremonies etc practiced by Hindus?
A. Rituals are basically an art of worshipping the God. Rituals may vary from home to home
in some way or other but their basic concept remains the same. The rituals of Hinduism are-
Poojas
Yajnas
Vedic Rituals called Samskaras [means refinement] – these are carried out throughout the
whole life cycle and are 16 in all –
1. Garbhadhana - Ritual to guarantee conception
2. Pumsavana - Ritual to protect fetus and to have a boy
3. Simantonnayana - Ritual at the last month of pregnancy
4. Jatakarana - Preparation of astrological chart of child
5. Namakarana – Naming the child
6. Nishkaramana – Taking the child out of the house for the first time
7. Annaprasana `– First feeding of rice to the child
8. Chudakarana – First cutting of hair of the child
9. Karnavedha – Boring ear lobes of the child
10. Vidyarambha – Beginning of child learning alphabets
11. Upanayana – Wearing of holy threads by boys
12. Vedarambha – Commencement of the Vedic studies
13. Keshante – First shaving of the child’s head
14. Samavartana – Home coming after completion of Vedic Studies
15. Vivaha – Marriage Rituals
16. Anthyesthi – Funeral rituals
Shraddha –
Rituals at the time of death, these lasts for 12 days and is carried out to ensure that the
departed soul is at ease and it goes to heaven where there are lesser difficulties. Tirtha Yatra –
Ritual of going to holy places for purification and redemption from sin. Important places for
tirtha yatra are –
1. Badrinath [North]
2. Puri [East]
3. Rameshwara [south]
4. Dwarka [West]
These are also called as Four Dhams.
Important Festivals
There are many Hindu festivals and their importance differs from place to place –
Deepavali –
It is called as the Festival of Light and comes in the month of Kartika [Oct./Nov.]. Many
mythological stories prevail for Deepavali; the major two being the return of Lord Rama to
Ayodhya after killing Ravana and the second being the Death of Titan of Hell, Narakasura by
Lord Krishna. Both the events signify winning of good over evil, people light candles, diyas in
their houses, worship Laxmi [Goddess of Wealth] and visit near dear ones, distribute sweets
and wear new clothes etc.
Holi–
Also called as Festival of Colors; it is celebrated in the month of March. The mythological
story behind Holi is of Prahlada, Holika and Hiranayakshyup which signifies Holika buring to
ashes and Prahlada emerging as great worshipper of Lord Vishnu and defeater of demon
Hiranayakshyup. People celebrate Holi by throwing colored water and bright powders on
each other and enjoying themselves.
Onam –
Celebrated in Kerala to mark the end of summer monsoons. It has a mythological story of
welcoming demon King Mahabali to his lost kingdom.
Pongal –
Celebrated in Tamil Naidu during the months of Januray /Feburary. It is celebrated at the time
of rice harvest.
Raksha Bandhan –
Celebrated in the months of July/August; a sister ties a Rakhi [sacred thread] to the wrist of
her brother/s who in turn give her some presents and become responsible for her safety.
Rama Navami –
Celebrated as the Birthday of Lord Rama.
Ganesh Chathurthi -
Celebrated as the Birthday of Lord Ganesha.
Navratri –
Festival of Nights; lasts for 9 days with 3 days each devoted to worship of Goddess Durga
[Goddess of Valor], Lakshmi [Goddess of Wealth] and Saraswati [Goddess of Knowledge].
Saraswati Puja –
A Festival honoring Goddess of Knowledge.
Shivaratri -
Celebrated as the Birthday of Lord Shiva.
Krishna Janamashtami -
Celebrated as the Birthday of Lord Krishna.
Q. How many Gods do Hindus worship? What are the main Gods & Goddess?
A. According to Hinduism all gods are the various representation of one true God. Hinduism
states that there is only one God and the Vedas call him Brahman. The vibratory aspect of
Brahman is called AUM or OM. From AUM came the 3 godheads –
a. Bramha [creator]
b. Vishnu [preservor]
c. Shiva [destroyer]
These gods when take a human form are called Avtaars.
The three main Goddesses are-
Saraswati [Wife of Lord Brahma; Goddess of Knowledge]
Lakshmi [Wife of Lord Vishnu; Goddess of Wealth]
Parvati [Wife of Lord Shiva; Goddess of Power]
Hindus also believe in Powers of Nature and have gods of nature like Varuna [water], Agni
[fire], Vayu [air] etc. There are also Semi-gods like Hanuman etc.
It is believed that there are 33 crores gods in Hinduism. A Hindu can worship as many Gods
and Goddesses as he wants because Hindus believe that all forms of Gods and Goddesses are
manifestations of one god or power. A Hindu temple can have a blend of various Gods.
Q. How many times do Hindus pray everyday?
A. It is considered a good practice to pray 2 times a day. The Indian temples generally follow
a practice of performing aarti [lighting lights] at dawn and dusk and it is believed that the
gods rest during afternoon and night, so prayers should be offered at dawn and dusk.
Q. Who is the most important God in this religion? Why?
A. It is believed that everything came from Brahman and Brahman is God. The Vedas state
that "Prajapati Vai Idam Agre Aseet [In the beginning was Prajapati - The Brahman]. Later on
came Mother God and Trinity of Gods; followed by Nature Gods, Minor Gods etc.
Q. What is the final destination of all souls in Hinduism?
A. At the time of death, the body dies but the soul never dies. The soul passes from one body
to another after the death, like a body changes clothes, the soul goes on taking endless
number of bodies; until it pays off all the karmas attached to the soul. The path the soul takes
is decided by the past actions which as popularly known as "Karmas". After death the soul
seeks an ideal body to be born again. So if you are born rich or poor - it is because of your
actions in your previous life. Thus the should continues the journey of life and death with
karmas attached to it from one life to another by undergoing pain or pleasure. The different
methods of god realization provide an easy way to put an end to the drama. Then the
individual soul, which is called "Jeevatman", will merge with Absolute Soul or Infinite Power
[God], popularly know as "Paramatman". This merging process is called Salvation or
Enlightment.
In order to reach enlightment a human being should adopt different methods of God
realization which are as follows-
Karma Yoga –
It is a system of attaining freedom through selfless actions. The word “Karma” means “to
do”, thus Karma means work. The Karmas which we do dictate our past, present and future.
An individual should engage himself in good karmas.
Gyana Yoga –
It is a system of reaching enlightment by adopting the path of knowledge or Hindu
Philosophy.
Bhakti Yoga –
Bhakti Yoga comes from the word “Bhaj” which means “to be attached to”. Through this the
devotee goes for total surrender to God and in this process a total dissolution of “I” or “Ego”
takes place.
Raja Yoga –
It is a very scientific path of God Realization. In this the individual practices self control and
thought control of his body and mind.
Q. What methods do Hindus use to teach the morality and values of Hinduism?
A. The main methods are as follows-
1. Reading of Ancient Scriptures
2. Hearing preaching from some renowned saints
3. Visiting historical places
4. Having group discussions with fellow followers
Did you Know !
The World’s Oldest Civilization?
Did you know that by 6000 B.C. Bharat (India) already had advanced townships with villages
of mud-brick houses? By 3000 B.C. scientifically planned towns and buildings were part of
the landscape. By that time a highly sophisticated urban civilization known as the Harappan
flourished in the Indus Valley. About 300 settlements in a belt extending 1520 km from North
to South covering a million square kilometers have been discovered, of which Harappa,
Mohenjo-Daro, Kalibangan, and Lothal are important sites. The towns were designed with
citadels and defensive walls and the streets and lanes had drains. Individual bathrooms and
lavatories were impressively drained into a larger system. Well-developed docks and store
houses as well as bullock carts for transportation were very popular. Thus, advanced
technology, economic and defense systems, as well as public health were part of the Hindu
culture.
What is the Oldest Book?
Did you know that the oldest book in the library of humans is the Rig Veda?
The existence of the Vedas go beyond recorded history and are said to be passed down from
the Gods to the great seers of Bharat. For many human generations the Vedas were passed
on through word of mouth, until finally documented by the great Rishis and Swamis.
World's First University
Did you know that as early as 700 B.C., there existed a giant University at Takshashila,
located in the northwest region of Bharat (India)?
Not only Indians, but students from as far as Babylonia, Greece, Syria, Arabia and China
came to study at Takshashila University. On the curriculum was 68 different subject matters
including language, philosophy, medicine, politics, astronomy, astrology, commerce, music,
dance, etc. The minimum entrance age was 16 and the student enrollment was 10,500. Thus,
the concept of a full-fledged university was developed in Bharat.
Famous Nalanda University
Did you know that the University at Nalanda functioned from 500 to 1300 AD until destroyed
by invaders?
During the 800 years that the university was operational, it attained great fame. Its campus
was one mile in length and a half-mile in width. It also had 300 lecture halls with stone
benches for sitting; laboratories and other facilities were also available. For example, the
university had a towering observatory called the Ambudharaavlehi for astronomical research.
It has boasted a massive library called Dharma Gunj or Mountain of Knowledege that was set
up in three buildings named Ratna Sagar, Ratnodavi and Ratnayanjak. The entrance
examination was very difficult and the pass rate was 3 out of every 10 students. Despite this
hurdle, the Chinese traveler, Hien Tsang wrote in his diary that 10,000 students and 200
professors were at Nalanda University.
Invention of Zero
Did you know that Hindus invented zero? The concept of zero is referred to as Shunya in the
early Samskrit texts and it is also explained in the Pingala’s Chandah Sutra of the second
century. In the Brahma Phuta Siddhanta of Brahmagupta (7th century AD), the zero is lucidly
explained. The Hindu genius Bhaskaracharya proved that x divided by 0 = 4 (infinity) and that
infinity however divided remains infinity. This concept was recognized in Hindu theology
millennia earlier. The earliest recorded date for an inscription of zero (inscribed on a copper
plate) was found in Gujarat (585 – 586 AD). Can you imagine today’s computers without the
invention of zero?
Decimal System
Did you know that Hindus gave us the method of expressing numbers by means of a decimal
system?
The highest prefix used for raising 10 to a power in today’s math is D for 1030 (from Greek
Deca). However, as early as 100 BC Hindu Mathematicians had exact names for figures up to
1053 (Tallakshana).
Invention of Geometry and Trigonometry
Did you know that Hindus invented Geometry and Trigonometry?
The word geometry emerged from the Samskrit word Giamiti which means measuring the
earth. The word trigonometry emerged from the Samskrit word Trikonamiti meaning
measuring triangular forms. The concept of geometry emerged around 1000 BC in Bharat
from the practice of making fire altars in geometric shapes. The treatise of Surya Siddhanta
(4th century AD) describe in amazing detail the science of trigonometry. Trigonometry was
introduced in Europe 1200 years later in the 16th century.
The Value of Pi
Did you know that the ratio of the circumference and the diameter of a circle known as Pi (a
value of 3.141592657932…) was first calculated by Hindus? The Samskrit text, by the
famous Hindu mathematician, Baudhayana in his Baudhayana Sutra of the 6th century BC
mentions this ratio as approximately equal to 3. The Hindu mathematician, Aryabhatta, in 499
AD worked out the value of Pi to the fourth decimal place.
Bhaskaracharya’s Law of Gravity, Not Issac Newton
Did you know that the famous Hindu astronomer, Bhaskaracharya in his Surya Siddhanta
wrote: "Objects fall on the earth due to a force of attraction by the earth. Therefore, the
earth, planets, constellations, moon and sun are held in orbit due to this attraction." It was not
until 1687, 1200 years later did Issac Newton rediscover the Law of Gravity.
Baudhayana’s Theorem, Not Pythagoras
Did you know that the so-called Pythagoras Theorem that the square of the hypotenuse of a
right-angled triangle equals to the sum of the square of the other two sides was documented
by the famed Hindu mathematician Baudhayana in his 6th century BC treatise called
Baudhayana Sulba Sutra? Baudhayana states: "The area produced by the diagonal of a
rectangle is equal to the sum of area produced by it on two sides."
Algebra
Did you know that the ancient Hindus had the most advanced system of Algebra?
Encylopedias describe the algebra of Hindu mathematicians like Bhaskaracharya,
Shridharacharya, Brahmagupta, and Aryabhatta as far more advanced than any during their
times.
Earth is Round and Revolves Around the Sun
Did you know that one thousand years before Copernicus (1543) published his theory of the
revolution of the earth, the famous Hindu mathematician, Aryabhatta in the 5th century
clearly stated this fact: "Just as persons traveling on a boat feel that the trees on a bank are
moving, people on earth feel that the sun is moving." In Aryabhatta’s treatise (Aryabhateean)
on this subject matter he clearly states that the earth is round; it rotates on its axis, orbits the
sun and is suspended in space. Aryabhatta, in his treatise also explained that lunar and solar
eclipses occur by the interplay of the shadows of the sun, the moon and the earth.
Time Taken for Earth to Orbit Sun
Did you know that the famous Hindu mathematician, Bhaskaracharya, in his treatise Surya
Siddhanta, calculated the time taken for the earth to orbit the sun to nine decimal places
(365.258756484 days)? Today’s accepted measurement is 365.2564 days. Therefore,
assuming that today’s figures are correct, it means that Bhaskaracharya was off by only
0.0002%.
Medicine and Surgery
Did you know that the Atharva Veda contains sections devoted to the science of medicine?
The Atharva Veda gave birth to Ayur Veda, the traditional system of Hindu medicine and it
was developed around 5000 years ago. This system of medicine is still widely used today in
Bharat under the term Ayur Vedic Medicine.
Charaka – World’s First Physician
Did you know that a Hindu was the world’s first physician? The west is fond of proclaiming
Hippocrates (460 – 377 BC) as the father of medicine, but way before him in 500 BC
Maharishi Charaka wrote the famous Charaka Samhita or Physicians’ Handbook. The
Charaka Samhita went into great detail to describe human anatomy, pathology, diagnostic
procedures, and treatment for various diseases. Charaka defined eight major medical
disciplines of Ayur Veda: Shailya Chikitsa (surgery), Shaalakya Chikitsa (head, eye, nose,
throat), Kaaya Chikitsa (mental health), Kaumarbhrutya Chikitsa (pediatrics), Agada Tantra
(toxicology), Rasaayana Tantra (Pharmacology), Vaajeekarna Tantra (reproductive medicine).
Charaka also described the functions of the heart and the circulatory system in great detail.
The Charaka Samhita was widely translated in various languages and Charaka was a
respected medical authority in both the Arab and Roman empires.
Shushruta – World’s First Plastic Surgeon
Did you know that a Hindu was the world’s first plastic surgeon? Sushruta as early as 600
BC used cheek skin to perform plastic surgery to restore and reshape human nose, ears, and
lips with incredible results. In his treatise, Shushruta Samhita, he classified surgery into eight
types: aaharya (extracting solid bodies), bhedya (excision), eshya (probing), lekhya
(sarification), vedhya (puncturing), visravya (extracting fluids), and sivya (suturing).
Sushruta worked with 125 kinds of surgical instruments including scalpels, lancets, needles,
catheters, etc. Such a genius was Sushruta that he even devised non-invasive surgical
treatments with the aid of light rays and heat.
Oldest Language
Did you know that Samskrit is the world’s oldest systematic language? According to Forbes
Magazine (1987), "Samskrit is the most convenient language for computer software
programming."
Oldest Living Music
Did you know that the Hindu musical system of ragas codified in the Sama Veda is the oldest
living music in the world? The slokas (hymns) of the Vedas are codified in meters and are
recited with rich lyricism. Originating from the Sama Veda the different forms of Hindustani
and Carnatic music are still immensely popular today.
First Poetry of the World
Did you know that the Ramayana is the first poetry of the world? It is a glorious Samskrit
epic written by the Sage Valmiki. The Ramayana begins with the author, Sage Valmiki, asking
Narada: "O Venerable Rishi, please tell me, is there a perfect man in this world who is
virtuous, brave, dutiful, truthful, noble, kind to all beings, and adored by all?" Narada replies:
"Rama." The Ramayana has 24,000 Samkskrit verses. It later translated by Kamban and Tulsi
Das.
Longest Poetry of the World
Did you know that the Mahabarata is the longest poetry ever written? Its 100,000 verses
encompass all facets of Dharma or human way of life. It narrates the story about the great
Mahabarat War between the noble Pandavas and their evil cousins the Kauravas.
A. Hinduism basically started with Sruti “that which is heard”. The master of vedic age called
Rishis, heard eternal truths in their heart and they taught their disciples telepathically, by
transfer of thoughts. Later Vedas and Upanishads were taught in chanted lyrics and they laid
the foundation of Hindnuism.
The exact date of when Hinduism actually stared begin with the age of this universe which is
155.5 trillion years ago.
Mythological Stories -
Hindu mythological stories says that it is trillions of years old. Some say Hinduism started
soon after ice age ended and some even say its origin is 6000-7000 years before Christ [6000-
7000 B.C.].
Theologians View –
Brahmaputra in India started a “Thinking Process” later known as Hinduism. Other Hindu
Theologians say that the early settlers of North India exchanged knowledge with dark colored
people of South India called Dravidians and thus laid the foundation of Hinduism in India.
Archeological Evidence –
Evidence found at Indus valley civilization at Mohanjodaro and Harappa dates Hinduism to
have started 6000-7000 years before Christ.
Major events in the development of the history of Hinduism are –
The original name of Hinduism was Santana Dharma meaning “righteousness forever “of”
that which has no beginning or end”. The name Hindu was given by Persians when they
invaded India in 6th B.C.
For long periods of time there was no written Hindu scripture. It was just in the forms of
Sruti [that which is heard] and was narrated by rishis to their disciples with careful sound of
words. Later with coming of various civilizations in India, Hinduism became a blend of
various ideas and thoughts and thus came to be known as “The thinking process”.
In the development process of Hinduism the Hindu scriptures play a very vital role. The
scriptures are written in Sanskrit and are –
Vedas
Rig Veda [Vedas of Hymns] consists of 1028 hymns to gods like Indra & Agni.
Yajur Veda[Vedas of Liturgy] concerns the knowledge of how to perform all rites and rituals.
Sama Veda [Vedas of Music] concerns the knowledge of chants.
Atharva Veda – This Veda contains the knowledge given by Sage Atharvana. It contains
many magical charms and incantations.
Upanishads
The word Upanishad is composed of Upa [Near], Ni [Down] and Shad[To sit]. Upanishad is
a teaching given by Guru [teacher] to his disciples and it is a rule that no one except the
disciple could hear his guru’s teachings.
Dharma Sutras
These are the backbones of Hinduism ethics and morality. They are basically the first
lawgiver code books to Hinduism written by sages like Manus, Yatnavalka, Parasara and
Gauthama. The earliest Dharma sutra is called “Code of Manu” and is popularly known as
Manusmriti.
Panchatantra
It is a collection of stories told by Vishnusharman to princes to teach them worldly affairs.
Each story has a moral and is like a fable book in which human characters are replaced by
animal characters. It teaches what exactly should be the course of action of a wise man.
Arthashastra
It is the code of ethics for kings written by Kautilya of Maurya Dynasty. It consists of
methods of spy system, how to deal with the enemy and various political and social subjects.
Brahma sutra
These describes the nature of Brahman in depth and is written by Sage Badarayana [Veda
Vyasa].
Agamas
These are a group of literature which deals with worship of god in many forms and they have
their own set of rules and regulations for their devotee. These Agamas gave rise to 3
branches of Hinduism –
Vaishnavism
Saivism
Saktism
Famous Indian Epics
The 2 famous epics are Ramayana and Mahabharata written by Sage Valmiki and Sage Veda
Vyasa respectively. The Bhagwad Gita is the form of conversation between warrior Prince
Arjuna and Lord Krishna at the outset of Mahabharata war.
Puranas
These are called Vedas of common folk and are written in question & answer form. They
consist of religious stories which make common people understand the higher truths of life.
The major puranas are called Mahapurana.
Thus all the above Hindu scriptures played a key role in the development of Hinduism and
paved a way for a religion which is appreciated by the entire world.
Q. What are the main ideas this religion professes?
A. Hinduism is more a way of life than a specific religion. In Hinduism one can find all
religions of the world. Various religions like Buddhism, Sikhism emerged from it. The most
important aspect of Hinduism is being truthful to oneself. Hinduism has no monopoly on
ideas. It is open to all. Hindus believe in one God expressed in different forms. For them, God
is timeless and formless entity. Hindus believe in eternal truths and these truths are opened to
anyone who seeks them, even if he or she is ignorant of Hindu scripture or ideas. This
religion also professes Non-violence - "Ahimsa Paramo Dharma" - Non violence is the highest
duty. True Ahimsa implies curtsey, kindness, hospitality, humanity and love.
Q. How do Hindus worship?
A. The place where Hindus worship is called a Temple. Most of the ancient Indian Temples
were constructed by Hindu Kings. The Temples were constructed on auspicious sites and the
whole process was very elaborate. Two rituals associated with temple construction were a.
Pratishta [installation of icons] and b. Kumbha – Abhishekam [temple dedication].
The idols of Gods are either made of special stone or wood and the artisan who makes them
are called Shilpikar. The process by which worship of Gods & Goddess is done is called
Pooja. It is the most common form of ritual. In the process of Pooja, Upacaras [offerings of
many articles like food, perfumed water, tulsi leaves, sandal wood paste etc with honor to
deity] play a vital role. The person who performs the Pooja is called Poojari.
Generally, all Indian houses have a small corner reserved for God and is called Mandir or
Pooja Ghar where the Indian Family worships together. An individual family can have their
own Poojari doing the Pooja or the head of the family does the Pooja. This tradition is
considered a good practice in Indian houses. It is a time when all the family members come
together and pray together.
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Q. What are the important rituals, ceremonies etc practiced by Hindus?
A. Rituals are basically an art of worshipping the God. Rituals may vary from home to home
in some way or other but their basic concept remains the same. The rituals of Hinduism are-
Poojas
Yajnas
Vedic Rituals called Samskaras [means refinement] – these are carried out throughout the
whole life cycle and are 16 in all –
1. Garbhadhana - Ritual to guarantee conception
2. Pumsavana - Ritual to protect fetus and to have a boy
3. Simantonnayana - Ritual at the last month of pregnancy
4. Jatakarana - Preparation of astrological chart of child
5. Namakarana – Naming the child
6. Nishkaramana – Taking the child out of the house for the first time
7. Annaprasana `– First feeding of rice to the child
8. Chudakarana – First cutting of hair of the child
9. Karnavedha – Boring ear lobes of the child
10. Vidyarambha – Beginning of child learning alphabets
11. Upanayana – Wearing of holy threads by boys
12. Vedarambha – Commencement of the Vedic studies
13. Keshante – First shaving of the child’s head
14. Samavartana – Home coming after completion of Vedic Studies
15. Vivaha – Marriage Rituals
16. Anthyesthi – Funeral rituals
Shraddha –
Rituals at the time of death, these lasts for 12 days and is carried out to ensure that the
departed soul is at ease and it goes to heaven where there are lesser difficulties. Tirtha Yatra –
Ritual of going to holy places for purification and redemption from sin. Important places for
tirtha yatra are –
1. Badrinath [North]
2. Puri [East]
3. Rameshwara [south]
4. Dwarka [West]
These are also called as Four Dhams.
Important Festivals
There are many Hindu festivals and their importance differs from place to place –
Deepavali –
It is called as the Festival of Light and comes in the month of Kartika [Oct./Nov.]. Many
mythological stories prevail for Deepavali; the major two being the return of Lord Rama to
Ayodhya after killing Ravana and the second being the Death of Titan of Hell, Narakasura by
Lord Krishna. Both the events signify winning of good over evil, people light candles, diyas in
their houses, worship Laxmi [Goddess of Wealth] and visit near dear ones, distribute sweets
and wear new clothes etc.
Holi–
Also called as Festival of Colors; it is celebrated in the month of March. The mythological
story behind Holi is of Prahlada, Holika and Hiranayakshyup which signifies Holika buring to
ashes and Prahlada emerging as great worshipper of Lord Vishnu and defeater of demon
Hiranayakshyup. People celebrate Holi by throwing colored water and bright powders on
each other and enjoying themselves.
Onam –
Celebrated in Kerala to mark the end of summer monsoons. It has a mythological story of
welcoming demon King Mahabali to his lost kingdom.
Pongal –
Celebrated in Tamil Naidu during the months of Januray /Feburary. It is celebrated at the time
of rice harvest.
Raksha Bandhan –
Celebrated in the months of July/August; a sister ties a Rakhi [sacred thread] to the wrist of
her brother/s who in turn give her some presents and become responsible for her safety.
Rama Navami –
Celebrated as the Birthday of Lord Rama.
Ganesh Chathurthi -
Celebrated as the Birthday of Lord Ganesha.
Navratri –
Festival of Nights; lasts for 9 days with 3 days each devoted to worship of Goddess Durga
[Goddess of Valor], Lakshmi [Goddess of Wealth] and Saraswati [Goddess of Knowledge].
Saraswati Puja –
A Festival honoring Goddess of Knowledge.
Shivaratri -
Celebrated as the Birthday of Lord Shiva.
Krishna Janamashtami -
Celebrated as the Birthday of Lord Krishna.
Q. How many Gods do Hindus worship? What are the main Gods & Goddess?
A. According to Hinduism all gods are the various representation of one true God. Hinduism
states that there is only one God and the Vedas call him Brahman. The vibratory aspect of
Brahman is called AUM or OM. From AUM came the 3 godheads –
a. Bramha [creator]
b. Vishnu [preservor]
c. Shiva [destroyer]
These gods when take a human form are called Avtaars.
The three main Goddesses are-
Saraswati [Wife of Lord Brahma; Goddess of Knowledge]
Lakshmi [Wife of Lord Vishnu; Goddess of Wealth]
Parvati [Wife of Lord Shiva; Goddess of Power]
Hindus also believe in Powers of Nature and have gods of nature like Varuna [water], Agni
[fire], Vayu [air] etc. There are also Semi-gods like Hanuman etc.
It is believed that there are 33 crores gods in Hinduism. A Hindu can worship as many Gods
and Goddesses as he wants because Hindus believe that all forms of Gods and Goddesses are
manifestations of one god or power. A Hindu temple can have a blend of various Gods.
Q. How many times do Hindus pray everyday?
A. It is considered a good practice to pray 2 times a day. The Indian temples generally follow
a practice of performing aarti [lighting lights] at dawn and dusk and it is believed that the
gods rest during afternoon and night, so prayers should be offered at dawn and dusk.
Q. Who is the most important God in this religion? Why?
A. It is believed that everything came from Brahman and Brahman is God. The Vedas state
that "Prajapati Vai Idam Agre Aseet [In the beginning was Prajapati - The Brahman]. Later on
came Mother God and Trinity of Gods; followed by Nature Gods, Minor Gods etc.
Q. What is the final destination of all souls in Hinduism?
A. At the time of death, the body dies but the soul never dies. The soul passes from one body
to another after the death, like a body changes clothes, the soul goes on taking endless
number of bodies; until it pays off all the karmas attached to the soul. The path the soul takes
is decided by the past actions which as popularly known as "Karmas". After death the soul
seeks an ideal body to be born again. So if you are born rich or poor - it is because of your
actions in your previous life. Thus the should continues the journey of life and death with
karmas attached to it from one life to another by undergoing pain or pleasure. The different
methods of god realization provide an easy way to put an end to the drama. Then the
individual soul, which is called "Jeevatman", will merge with Absolute Soul or Infinite Power
[God], popularly know as "Paramatman". This merging process is called Salvation or
Enlightment.
In order to reach enlightment a human being should adopt different methods of God
realization which are as follows-
Karma Yoga –
It is a system of attaining freedom through selfless actions. The word “Karma” means “to
do”, thus Karma means work. The Karmas which we do dictate our past, present and future.
An individual should engage himself in good karmas.
Gyana Yoga –
It is a system of reaching enlightment by adopting the path of knowledge or Hindu
Philosophy.
Bhakti Yoga –
Bhakti Yoga comes from the word “Bhaj” which means “to be attached to”. Through this the
devotee goes for total surrender to God and in this process a total dissolution of “I” or “Ego”
takes place.
Raja Yoga –
It is a very scientific path of God Realization. In this the individual practices self control and
thought control of his body and mind.
Q. What methods do Hindus use to teach the morality and values of Hinduism?
A. The main methods are as follows-
1. Reading of Ancient Scriptures
2. Hearing preaching from some renowned saints
3. Visiting historical places
4. Having group discussions with fellow followers
Did you Know !
The World’s Oldest Civilization?
Did you know that by 6000 B.C. Bharat (India) already had advanced townships with villages
of mud-brick houses? By 3000 B.C. scientifically planned towns and buildings were part of
the landscape. By that time a highly sophisticated urban civilization known as the Harappan
flourished in the Indus Valley. About 300 settlements in a belt extending 1520 km from North
to South covering a million square kilometers have been discovered, of which Harappa,
Mohenjo-Daro, Kalibangan, and Lothal are important sites. The towns were designed with
citadels and defensive walls and the streets and lanes had drains. Individual bathrooms and
lavatories were impressively drained into a larger system. Well-developed docks and store
houses as well as bullock carts for transportation were very popular. Thus, advanced
technology, economic and defense systems, as well as public health were part of the Hindu
culture.
What is the Oldest Book?
Did you know that the oldest book in the library of humans is the Rig Veda?
The existence of the Vedas go beyond recorded history and are said to be passed down from
the Gods to the great seers of Bharat. For many human generations the Vedas were passed
on through word of mouth, until finally documented by the great Rishis and Swamis.
World's First University
Did you know that as early as 700 B.C., there existed a giant University at Takshashila,
located in the northwest region of Bharat (India)?
Not only Indians, but students from as far as Babylonia, Greece, Syria, Arabia and China
came to study at Takshashila University. On the curriculum was 68 different subject matters
including language, philosophy, medicine, politics, astronomy, astrology, commerce, music,
dance, etc. The minimum entrance age was 16 and the student enrollment was 10,500. Thus,
the concept of a full-fledged university was developed in Bharat.
Famous Nalanda University
Did you know that the University at Nalanda functioned from 500 to 1300 AD until destroyed
by invaders?
During the 800 years that the university was operational, it attained great fame. Its campus
was one mile in length and a half-mile in width. It also had 300 lecture halls with stone
benches for sitting; laboratories and other facilities were also available. For example, the
university had a towering observatory called the Ambudharaavlehi for astronomical research.
It has boasted a massive library called Dharma Gunj or Mountain of Knowledege that was set
up in three buildings named Ratna Sagar, Ratnodavi and Ratnayanjak. The entrance
examination was very difficult and the pass rate was 3 out of every 10 students. Despite this
hurdle, the Chinese traveler, Hien Tsang wrote in his diary that 10,000 students and 200
professors were at Nalanda University.
Invention of Zero
Did you know that Hindus invented zero? The concept of zero is referred to as Shunya in the
early Samskrit texts and it is also explained in the Pingala’s Chandah Sutra of the second
century. In the Brahma Phuta Siddhanta of Brahmagupta (7th century AD), the zero is lucidly
explained. The Hindu genius Bhaskaracharya proved that x divided by 0 = 4 (infinity) and that
infinity however divided remains infinity. This concept was recognized in Hindu theology
millennia earlier. The earliest recorded date for an inscription of zero (inscribed on a copper
plate) was found in Gujarat (585 – 586 AD). Can you imagine today’s computers without the
invention of zero?
Decimal System
Did you know that Hindus gave us the method of expressing numbers by means of a decimal
system?
The highest prefix used for raising 10 to a power in today’s math is D for 1030 (from Greek
Deca). However, as early as 100 BC Hindu Mathematicians had exact names for figures up to
1053 (Tallakshana).
Invention of Geometry and Trigonometry
Did you know that Hindus invented Geometry and Trigonometry?
The word geometry emerged from the Samskrit word Giamiti which means measuring the
earth. The word trigonometry emerged from the Samskrit word Trikonamiti meaning
measuring triangular forms. The concept of geometry emerged around 1000 BC in Bharat
from the practice of making fire altars in geometric shapes. The treatise of Surya Siddhanta
(4th century AD) describe in amazing detail the science of trigonometry. Trigonometry was
introduced in Europe 1200 years later in the 16th century.
The Value of Pi
Did you know that the ratio of the circumference and the diameter of a circle known as Pi (a
value of 3.141592657932…) was first calculated by Hindus? The Samskrit text, by the
famous Hindu mathematician, Baudhayana in his Baudhayana Sutra of the 6th century BC
mentions this ratio as approximately equal to 3. The Hindu mathematician, Aryabhatta, in 499
AD worked out the value of Pi to the fourth decimal place.
Bhaskaracharya’s Law of Gravity, Not Issac Newton
Did you know that the famous Hindu astronomer, Bhaskaracharya in his Surya Siddhanta
wrote: "Objects fall on the earth due to a force of attraction by the earth. Therefore, the
earth, planets, constellations, moon and sun are held in orbit due to this attraction." It was not
until 1687, 1200 years later did Issac Newton rediscover the Law of Gravity.
Baudhayana’s Theorem, Not Pythagoras
Did you know that the so-called Pythagoras Theorem that the square of the hypotenuse of a
right-angled triangle equals to the sum of the square of the other two sides was documented
by the famed Hindu mathematician Baudhayana in his 6th century BC treatise called
Baudhayana Sulba Sutra? Baudhayana states: "The area produced by the diagonal of a
rectangle is equal to the sum of area produced by it on two sides."
Algebra
Did you know that the ancient Hindus had the most advanced system of Algebra?
Encylopedias describe the algebra of Hindu mathematicians like Bhaskaracharya,
Shridharacharya, Brahmagupta, and Aryabhatta as far more advanced than any during their
times.
Earth is Round and Revolves Around the Sun
Did you know that one thousand years before Copernicus (1543) published his theory of the
revolution of the earth, the famous Hindu mathematician, Aryabhatta in the 5th century
clearly stated this fact: "Just as persons traveling on a boat feel that the trees on a bank are
moving, people on earth feel that the sun is moving." In Aryabhatta’s treatise (Aryabhateean)
on this subject matter he clearly states that the earth is round; it rotates on its axis, orbits the
sun and is suspended in space. Aryabhatta, in his treatise also explained that lunar and solar
eclipses occur by the interplay of the shadows of the sun, the moon and the earth.
Time Taken for Earth to Orbit Sun
Did you know that the famous Hindu mathematician, Bhaskaracharya, in his treatise Surya
Siddhanta, calculated the time taken for the earth to orbit the sun to nine decimal places
(365.258756484 days)? Today’s accepted measurement is 365.2564 days. Therefore,
assuming that today’s figures are correct, it means that Bhaskaracharya was off by only
0.0002%.
Medicine and Surgery
Did you know that the Atharva Veda contains sections devoted to the science of medicine?
The Atharva Veda gave birth to Ayur Veda, the traditional system of Hindu medicine and it
was developed around 5000 years ago. This system of medicine is still widely used today in
Bharat under the term Ayur Vedic Medicine.
Charaka – World’s First Physician
Did you know that a Hindu was the world’s first physician? The west is fond of proclaiming
Hippocrates (460 – 377 BC) as the father of medicine, but way before him in 500 BC
Maharishi Charaka wrote the famous Charaka Samhita or Physicians’ Handbook. The
Charaka Samhita went into great detail to describe human anatomy, pathology, diagnostic
procedures, and treatment for various diseases. Charaka defined eight major medical
disciplines of Ayur Veda: Shailya Chikitsa (surgery), Shaalakya Chikitsa (head, eye, nose,
throat), Kaaya Chikitsa (mental health), Kaumarbhrutya Chikitsa (pediatrics), Agada Tantra
(toxicology), Rasaayana Tantra (Pharmacology), Vaajeekarna Tantra (reproductive medicine).
Charaka also described the functions of the heart and the circulatory system in great detail.
The Charaka Samhita was widely translated in various languages and Charaka was a
respected medical authority in both the Arab and Roman empires.
Shushruta – World’s First Plastic Surgeon
Did you know that a Hindu was the world’s first plastic surgeon? Sushruta as early as 600
BC used cheek skin to perform plastic surgery to restore and reshape human nose, ears, and
lips with incredible results. In his treatise, Shushruta Samhita, he classified surgery into eight
types: aaharya (extracting solid bodies), bhedya (excision), eshya (probing), lekhya
(sarification), vedhya (puncturing), visravya (extracting fluids), and sivya (suturing).
Sushruta worked with 125 kinds of surgical instruments including scalpels, lancets, needles,
catheters, etc. Such a genius was Sushruta that he even devised non-invasive surgical
treatments with the aid of light rays and heat.
Oldest Language
Did you know that Samskrit is the world’s oldest systematic language? According to Forbes
Magazine (1987), "Samskrit is the most convenient language for computer software
programming."
Oldest Living Music
Did you know that the Hindu musical system of ragas codified in the Sama Veda is the oldest
living music in the world? The slokas (hymns) of the Vedas are codified in meters and are
recited with rich lyricism. Originating from the Sama Veda the different forms of Hindustani
and Carnatic music are still immensely popular today.
First Poetry of the World
Did you know that the Ramayana is the first poetry of the world? It is a glorious Samskrit
epic written by the Sage Valmiki. The Ramayana begins with the author, Sage Valmiki, asking
Narada: "O Venerable Rishi, please tell me, is there a perfect man in this world who is
virtuous, brave, dutiful, truthful, noble, kind to all beings, and adored by all?" Narada replies:
"Rama." The Ramayana has 24,000 Samkskrit verses. It later translated by Kamban and Tulsi
Das.
Longest Poetry of the World
Did you know that the Mahabarata is the longest poetry ever written? Its 100,000 verses
encompass all facets of Dharma or human way of life. It narrates the story about the great
Mahabarat War between the noble Pandavas and their evil cousins the Kauravas.
